When the federal government orders firms to use particular methods to reduce pollution, it is said to be using?

The federal government's approach to requiring firms to use specific methods to reduce pollution is referred to as command and control policies. This strategy involves the establishment of regulations that dictate what firms must do to comply with environmental standards, often prescribing particular technologies or practices.

Command and control policies aim for direct regulation of environmental practices, allowing the government to specify the means to achieve pollution reduction. This can include mandates on emissions limits or requirements to install specific pollution control equipment. This regulatory framework is often viewed as a straightforward way to ensure compliance and achieve environmental goals, as it provides clear guidelines and responsibilities for firms.

In contrast, market incentives tend to rely on economic tools to motivate firms to reduce pollution, such as tradable permits or taxes, while cooperative strategies might involve partnerships between government and industry for environmental improvement. Regulatory flexibility typically refers to policies that allow firms to choose how they meet regulations, rather than imposing specific methods. Thus, command and control stands out as a distinct approach that mandates firms to adhere to set directives for pollution control.